- word-for-word
- literal
- faithful
- semantic
- adaptation
- free translation
- idiomatic
- communicative
Translation means the act of transferring the meaning of a text from one language into another.
(Nida, 1969. The Translation Performance, Translation Process, and Translation Strategies. Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen.)
Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.
(Newmark, P. 1998. A Textbook of Translation. UK: Prentice Hall)
Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, in terms of meaning and style.
(Nida, E.A., and Charles R. Taber. 1974. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Brill.)
Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language).
(Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.)
Translation is a process of finding TL (target language) equivalent for an SL (source language) utterance. (Pinchuck, I. 1977. Scientific and Technical Translation. London: Andre Deutsch.)
The translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in one, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.
(Bell, R.T. 1991. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Longman Group Ltd.)
